{
"node": {
"id": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "CC-CV charging",
"properties": {
"id": "cc-cv-charging",
"name": "CC-CV charging",
"aka": [
"constant current constant voltage"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The standard lithium-ion charge protocol: constant current until the cell reaches its upper cutoff voltage, then that voltage held constant while the current tapers. The charge ends when the current falls to a set fraction, often C/20.",
"related": [
"constant-current",
"constant-voltage",
"cutoff-voltage",
"taper-current",
"fast-charging",
"cp-cv"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells",
"example": {
"title": "Follow a two-stage charge",
"text": "For an illustrative 5 Ah cell, a 2.5 A current request is 0.5C. During CC the voltage rises. At the selected upper voltage, CV regulation holds voltage while current tapers. Completion requires the taper current to fall below the selected cutoff for the configured dwell."
},
"notes": [
"Choose voltage, current and temperature limits from the actual cell specification. These example values do not define a charging recipe."
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cc-cv-charging/",
"mentions": []
}
},
"edges": [
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:cc-cv-charging/workflow:cccv",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "workflow:cccv",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:cc-cv-charging/workflow:native-battery-charge-envelope",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-charge-envelope",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:cc-cv-charging/workflow:native-battery-discharge-envelope",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-discharge-envelope",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:cc-cv-charging/workflow:native-battery-cccv-controller",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-cccv-controller",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:cc-cv-charging/workflow:native-battery-incremental-cccv",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-incremental-cccv",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:cc-cv-charging/workflow:native-battery-cycle-program",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-cycle-program",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:belongsTo/term:cc-cv-charging/topic:topic-charging",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "belongsTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cc-cv-charging/term:constant-current",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "term:constant-current",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cc-cv-charging/term:constant-voltage",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "term:constant-voltage",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cc-cv-charging/term:cutoff-voltage",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "term:cutoff-voltage",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cc-cv-charging/term:taper-current",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "term:taper-current",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cc-cv-charging/term:fast-charging",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "term:fast-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cc-cv-charging/term:cp-cv",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "term:cp-cv",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:explainedIn/term:cc-cv-charging/lesson:fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "lesson:fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"type": "explainedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:illustratedBy/term:cc-cv-charging/visual:charging-cccv",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "illustratedBy",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:cites/term:cc-cv-charging/reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"source": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"target": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "cites",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
"scope": "direct technical reference"
}
}
],
"neighbors": [
{
"id": "workflow:cccv",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Build CC–CV charging",
"properties": {
"id": "cccv",
"title": "Build CC–CV charging",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Native current and voltage regulation act against an explicit battery.",
"steps": [
"Open home charging and inspect settings.",
"Choose immediate charging; inspect mode and completion."
],
"example": "An illustrative 100 Ah battery with a 420 V ceiling can use a 32 A cap. At the ceiling, current falls as OCV rises.",
"observe": "Completion needs current below cutoff at the CV ceiling for the configured dwell. Site-limited low current is different.",
"limits": "The battery uses linear OCV and fixed resistance. It does not automatically add aging, thermal dynamics or balancing.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home",
"label": "Open the Studio example",
"evidence": [
"js/charging-control.js",
"js/charging-scenarios.js",
"docs/CHARGING_BLOCKS_SPEC.md"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-charge-envelope",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Charge-current envelope worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-charge-envelope",
"title": "Charge-current envelope worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Selects the most restrictive cell voltage and temperature current limit.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Cell voltages = [4, 4.05, 4.02] V, Cell temperatures = [298.15, 318.15, 300] K, Enable = 1 true / false. At 0 s, Allowed current magnitude is 1 A. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "The tables are supplied by the model author. Their synthetic defaults do not establish a safe charging or discharging envelope. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-charge-envelope",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-discharge-envelope",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Discharge-current envelope worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-discharge-envelope",
"title": "Discharge-current envelope worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Selects the most restrictive cell voltage and temperature current limit.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Cell voltages = [3.2, 3.1, 3.15] V, Cell temperatures = [298.15, 318.15, 300] K, Enable = 1 true / false. At 0 s, Allowed current magnitude is 2 A. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "The tables are supplied by the model author. Their synthetic defaults do not establish a safe charging or discharging envelope. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-discharge-envelope",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-cccv-controller",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "CC-CV current controller worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-cccv-controller",
"title": "CC-CV current controller worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "PI voltage regulation with an external current envelope and anti-windup.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Highest cell voltage = 3.9 V, Charge-current magnitude limit = 2 A, Enable = 1 true / false. At 0 s, Signed current request (charge negative) is -1 A. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "This block generates a current request. The plant, actuator limits and loop stability must be modeled separately. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-cccv-controller",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-incremental-cccv",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Incremental CC-CV controller worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-incremental-cccv",
"title": "Incremental CC-CV controller worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Updates a bounded charge request from voltage error each sample.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Highest cell voltage = 3.9 V, Charge-current magnitude limit = 2 A, Enable = 1 true / false. At 0 s, Signed current request (charge negative) is -0.5 A. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "The gain acts per update. Changing sample interval changes the response; this is an incremental controller, not the PI variant. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-incremental-cccv",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-cycle-program",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Battery cycle program worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-cycle-program",
"title": "Battery cycle program worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Native rest/CC/CV phase sequencer with repeats, voltage interlocks and taper dwell. Commands use discharge-positive current.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Measured terminal voltage = 3.8 V, Measured signed current = 1 A, Start trigger = 1 true / false, Enable = 1 true / false. At 0 s, Signed current request is 0 A. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "The phase program is a signal controller; actuation and measured response come from the connected plant. Synthetic phase settings do not establish a test standard. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-cycle-program",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "Topic",
"label": "Charging and discharging",
"properties": {
"id": "topic-charging",
"name": "Charging and discharging",
"lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
"context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
"example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
"lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
}
},
{
"id": "term:constant-current",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Constant current",
"properties": {
"id": "constant-current",
"name": "Constant current",
"abbr": "CC",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "A charge or discharge at a fixed current, so capacity is simply current times time. It is the first stage of a CC-CV charge and the normal way to run a capacity test.",
"related": [
"cc-cv-charging",
"constant-voltage",
"c-rate",
"capacity-test"
],
"example": {
"title": "Compare two cell capacities",
"text": "A 2 A current is 1C for a 2 Ah cell and 0.4C for a 5 Ah cell. A constant-current step holds amperes fixed, so a fair comparison between differently sized cells also records C-rate."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/constant-current/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:constant-voltage",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Constant voltage",
"properties": {
"id": "constant-voltage",
"name": "Constant voltage",
"abbr": "CV",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "A charge stage in which the terminal voltage is held at a selected limit while the current is allowed to fall. The charge added during this stage and its duration depend on the cell, initial state, voltage limit and termination current.",
"related": [
"cc-cv-charging",
"constant-current",
"taper-current",
"cutoff-voltage"
],
"example": {
"title": "Read the taper correctly",
"text": "In a hypothetical CV stage with a 4.0 V ceiling, the controller holds terminal voltage at that ceiling while current tapers as the cell state changes and its OCV rises. A voltage plateau does not mean the charge session has completed; the current cutoff and dwell still matter."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/constant-voltage/",
"mentions": [
"voltage"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:cutoff-voltage",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Cutoff voltage",
"properties": {
"id": "cutoff-voltage",
"name": "Cutoff voltage",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The terminal-voltage limit that ends a discharge, or caps a charge — in constant-current, constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging the cell is then held at that voltage until the current falls to a cutoff. A real discharge ends at the lower cutoff, which is why actual runtime can differ from the ideal duration.",
"unit": "V",
"related": [
"voltage-window",
"cc-cv-charging",
"ideal-duration",
"over-discharge",
"overcharge"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cutoff-voltage/",
"mentions": [
"service-life"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:taper-current",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Taper current",
"properties": {
"id": "taper-current",
"name": "Taper current",
"aka": [
"termination current",
"cutoff current"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The current at which a constant-voltage charge stage is declared finished, often C/20 or C/50. A higher taper current ends the charge sooner and leaves the cell slightly less than full.",
"unit": "A",
"related": [
"constant-voltage",
"cc-cv-charging",
"state-of-charge"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/taper-current/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:fast-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Fast charging",
"properties": {
"id": "fast-charging",
"name": "Fast charging",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
"related": [
"lithium-plating",
"c-rate",
"cc-cv-charging",
"dc-fast-charging",
"thermal-management",
"mscc"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
"mentions": [
"state-of-charge"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:cp-cv",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Constant-power charging",
"properties": {
"id": "cp-cv",
"name": "Constant-power charging",
"abbr": "CP-CV",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Charging with a fixed-power stage, so current falls as voltage rises because current equals power divided by voltage. In a CP-CV protocol, a constant-voltage stage follows when the voltage limit is reached. A power rating alone does not establish that a charger implements this sequence.",
"related": [
"cc-cv-charging",
"constant-voltage",
"e-rate",
"charger"
],
"example": {
"title": "See why current falls at constant power",
"text": "An illustrative 20 W constant-power stage requires 5 A at 4 V and 4 A at 5 V. At the chosen voltage ceiling, the profile changes to CV and power tapers with current."
},
"notes": [
"This arithmetic illustrates P = VI; these voltages are not recommendations for a lithium-ion cell."
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cp-cv/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "lesson:fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"type": "Lesson",
"label": "Lesson 2 · Capacity and C-rate",
"properties": {
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/"
}
},
{
"id": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "Visual",
"label": "Compare charging profiles",
"properties": {
"title": "Compare charging profiles",
"summary": "See which quantity is held constant, when the phase changes and how charging ends.",
"readout": "Current holds at 5 A until the example 4.15 V threshold; voltage then holds while current tapers. The stop marker is a separate low-current termination condition.",
"formula": "CC: I = I_set · CV: V = V_limit",
"note": "Positive current charges the cell. Time is normalized; selected thresholds are not cell-specific recommendations. The voltage trace ends at termination; post-stop relaxation is excluded.",
"software": {
"status": "studio",
"label": "Lemonergy Studio charging controller",
"body": "The native controller regulates CC-CV charging. Its battery model uses charge balance, linear OCV and constant resistance. These authored profiles are explanatory, not its simulation output.",
"href": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home"
},
"html": "Current profile
Charge current
\nVoltage profile
Cell voltage
"
}
},
{
"id": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "Reference",
"label": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"properties": {
"title": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"publisher": "eTransportation",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011",
"type": "Review article",
"scope": "CC-CV and alternative charging protocols, transport limitations, degradation and thermal implications; results depend on cell and test conditions. Software behavior is documented separately in Lemonergy block references.",
"year": 2019,
"authors": [
"Anna Tomaszewska et al."
],
"accessed": "2026-10-27"
}
}
]
}