{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:charge-factor",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Charge factor",
    "properties": {
      "id": "charge-factor",
      "name": "Charge factor",
      "aka": [
        "charging factor",
        "charge input ratio",
        "recharge factor"
      ],
      "section": "topic-charging",
      "definition": "The charge put in divided by the charge previously taken out, needed to bring a battery back to full. Lithium-ion needs barely more than 1.0 and lead–acid about 1.05–1.2, while nickel cells charged slowly at C/10 typically receive 1.4–1.6, which is why the classic NiMH overnight charge takes 14–16 hours.",
      "related": [
        "coulombic-efficiency",
        "nickel-metal-hydride",
        "lead-acid",
        "oxygen-recombination"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charge-factor/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:charge-factor/topic:topic-charging",
      "source": "term:charge-factor",
      "target": "topic:topic-charging",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:charge-factor/term:coulombic-efficiency",
      "source": "term:charge-factor",
      "target": "term:coulombic-efficiency",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:charge-factor/term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "source": "term:charge-factor",
      "target": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:charge-factor/term:lead-acid",
      "source": "term:charge-factor",
      "target": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:charge-factor/term:oxygen-recombination",
      "source": "term:charge-factor",
      "target": "term:oxygen-recombination",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-charging",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Charging and discharging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-charging",
        "name": "Charging and discharging",
        "lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
        "context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
        "example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:coulombic-efficiency",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coulombic efficiency",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coulombic-efficiency",
        "name": "Coulombic efficiency",
        "abbr": "CE",
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Charge delivered on discharge divided by charge put in on the previous charge. A healthy lithium-ion cell exceeds 99.9 %; the missing fraction is lithium lost to side reactions, so CE is an early and sensitive aging signal.",
        "formula": "CE = Q_discharge / Q_charge",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "energy-efficiency",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "sei",
          "formation",
          "charge-factor"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare charge in and charge out",
          "text": "If a defined test charges 5.00 Ah and subsequently discharges 4.95 Ah over the chosen voltage window, its coulombic efficiency is 99%. This ratio alone does not include voltage-related energy loss."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coulombic-efficiency/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nickel-metal-hydride",
        "name": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
        "abbr": "NiMH",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A 1.2 V aqueous cell with a nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy negative. It powered hybrid cars for two decades and is tolerant of abuse, but lithium-ion stores two to three times more energy per kilogram.",
        "related": [
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "memory-effect",
          "specific-energy",
          "bipolar-battery",
          "nickel-hydrogen",
          "lsd-nimh"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-metal-hydride/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lead–acid battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lead-acid",
        "name": "Lead–acid battery",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The oldest rechargeable chemistry, lead and lead dioxide electrodes in sulfuric acid, at 2 V per cell. Heavy and short-lived in deep cycling but cheap, recyclable and good at cold cranking, it still starts most cars and backs up most telecom sites.",
        "related": [
          "nominal-voltage",
          "recycling",
          "specific-energy"
        ],
        "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-market",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lead-acid/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:oxygen-recombination",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Oxygen recombination",
      "properties": {
        "id": "oxygen-recombination",
        "name": "Oxygen recombination",
        "aka": [
          "oxygen cycle",
          "recombinant cycle",
          "internal recombination"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The internal cycle that lets sealed nickel and valve-regulated lead–acid cells tolerate overcharge: oxygen evolved at the positive electrode diffuses to the negative and reacts back to water, so the excess charge ends as heat instead of gas. It is why NiMH can take a C/10 trickle charge and lithium-ion, which has no such route, cannot.",
        "related": [
          "vrla",
          "nickel-metal-hydride",
          "trickle-charge",
          "overcharge",
          "dt-dt-termination"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/oxygen-recombination/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}