{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:gpio",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "GPIO",
    "properties": {
      "id": "gpio",
      "name": "GPIO",
      "aka": [
        "general-purpose input/output",
        "GPIO pin"
      ],
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "A microcontroller pin that firmware can configure as a digital input or output for whatever the design needs. In a battery pack GPIOs drive LED gauges, read a button or presence contact, enable a charger or regulator and switch between battery banks, so one pack design can serve several products.",
      "related": [
        "mcu",
        "firmware",
        "soc-indicator",
        "i2c",
        "embedded-charger"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/gpio/",
      "mentions": [
        "charger"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:gpio/topic:topic-data",
      "source": "term:gpio",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:gpio/term:mcu",
      "source": "term:gpio",
      "target": "term:mcu",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:gpio/term:firmware",
      "source": "term:gpio",
      "target": "term:firmware",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:gpio/term:soc-indicator",
      "source": "term:gpio",
      "target": "term:soc-indicator",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:gpio/term:i2c",
      "source": "term:gpio",
      "target": "term:i2c",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:gpio/term:embedded-charger",
      "source": "term:gpio",
      "target": "term:embedded-charger",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/gpio/charger",
      "source": "term:gpio",
      "target": "term:charger",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:mcu",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Microcontroller",
      "properties": {
        "id": "mcu",
        "name": "Microcontroller",
        "abbr": "MCU",
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The processor that runs BMS firmware: state estimation, protection, balancing decisions and communication. Automotive BMS controllers use safety microcontrollers with lockstep cores and hardware self-tests so they can meet ASIL C or D.",
        "related": [
          "bmu",
          "firmware",
          "functional-safety",
          "fpga",
          "afe"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/mcu/",
        "mentions": [
          "bms",
          "lockstep-core"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:firmware",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Firmware",
      "properties": {
        "id": "firmware",
        "name": "Firmware",
        "aka": [
          "embedded software",
          "BMS software"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The software that runs on a BMS or charger controller. Its version decides how SOC, limits and faults behave, so it is tracked like a part number, updated by flashing over CAN or over the air, and recorded in the battery passport.",
        "related": [
          "mcu",
          "flashing",
          "bmu",
          "battery-passport",
          "functional-safety",
          "built-in-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/firmware/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms",
          "over-the-air-update"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:soc-indicator",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State-of-charge indicator",
      "properties": {
        "id": "soc-indicator",
        "name": "State-of-charge indicator",
        "aka": [
          "LED fuel gauge",
          "battery level indicator",
          "push-button gauge",
          "SOCI"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The row of LEDs or small display on a battery pack that shows remaining charge, often lit by a push button to save energy. Four or five LEDs, each worth 20–25 %, are usual. It is only as accurate as the fuel gauge behind it; a voltage-only gauge reads badly on a flat curve such as LFP’s.",
        "related": [
          "fuel-gauge",
          "state-of-charge",
          "gpio",
          "lfp"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/soc-indicator/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:i2c",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "I²C",
      "properties": {
        "id": "i2c",
        "name": "I²C",
        "aka": [
          "I2C",
          "IIC",
          "inter-integrated circuit",
          "TWI",
          "two-wire interface"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A two-wire serial bus — one clock line and one data line, both pulled up — on which a controller addresses many small chips at 100 kbit/s, 400 kbit/s or faster. Inside a battery pack it links the fuel gauge, protection chip, memory and temperature sensors; SMBus is derived from it with tighter timing rules.",
        "related": [
          "smbus",
          "fuel-gauge",
          "afe",
          "mcu",
          "gpio",
          "pmbus"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/i2c/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:embedded-charger",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Embedded charger",
      "properties": {
        "id": "embedded-charger",
        "name": "Embedded charger",
        "aka": [
          "in-pack charger",
          "integrated charger",
          "charger IC"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "A charging circuit built into the battery pack, so that the pack accepts raw power — a wall adapter, a car socket, USB — and applies the right profile for its own chemistry. One host can then take NiMH, lithium-ion or primary packs interchangeably; the costs are extra heat beside the cells and electronics discarded with the pack.",
        "related": [
          "charger",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "power-path-management",
          "smart-battery-system"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/embedded-charger/",
        "mentions": [
          "nickel-metal-hydride"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charger",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charger",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charger",
        "name": "Charger",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
        "related": [
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "bms",
          "onboard-charger",
          "dc-fast-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}