{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:insulator-ring",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Insulator ring",
    "properties": {
      "id": "insulator-ring",
      "name": "Insulator ring",
      "aka": [
        "fish paper",
        "barley paper",
        "insulating washer",
        "positive insulator"
      ],
      "section": "topic-pack",
      "definition": "A thin ring of insulating paper or fibre fitted over the positive end of a cylindrical cell, around the terminal button. The can’s crimped shoulder sits millimetres from that terminal and is at negative potential, so a nickel strip or tool pressing through a damaged wrapper there shorts the cell; the ring prevents it.",
      "related": [
        "heat-shrink-sleeve",
        "cylindrical-cell",
        "nickel-strip",
        "resistance-welding"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/insulator-ring/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:insulator-ring/topic:topic-pack",
      "source": "term:insulator-ring",
      "target": "topic:topic-pack",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:insulator-ring/term:heat-shrink-sleeve",
      "source": "term:insulator-ring",
      "target": "term:heat-shrink-sleeve",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:insulator-ring/term:cylindrical-cell",
      "source": "term:insulator-ring",
      "target": "term:cylindrical-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:insulator-ring/term:nickel-strip",
      "source": "term:insulator-ring",
      "target": "term:nickel-strip",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:insulator-ring/term:resistance-welding",
      "source": "term:insulator-ring",
      "target": "term:resistance-welding",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-pack",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Modules, packs and battery management",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-pack",
        "name": "Modules, packs and battery management",
        "lede": "From a single cell to a working battery system, and the electronics that keep it safe.",
        "context": "Make series/parallel architecture explicit.",
        "example": "Twelve 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells in 6s2p give 21.6 V, 10 Ah and 216 Wh nominally before other restrictions.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:heat-shrink-sleeve",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Heat-shrink sleeve",
      "properties": {
        "id": "heat-shrink-sleeve",
        "name": "Heat-shrink sleeve",
        "aka": [
          "shrink wrap",
          "heat shrink",
          "PVC wrap",
          "cell wrapper",
          "cell sleeve"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "A tube of PVC or PET film that shrinks tight when heated, used both as the printed jacket on each cylindrical cell and as the outer wrap of small packs. On a cell it insulates the can, which is at negative potential, so a torn wrapper beside a positive terminal or nickel strip is a classic short-circuit path.",
        "related": [
          "cylindrical-cell",
          "insulator-ring",
          "nickel-strip",
          "enclosure"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/heat-shrink-sleeve/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cylindrical-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cylindrical cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cylindrical-cell",
        "name": "Cylindrical cell",
        "aka": [
          "18650",
          "21700",
          "4680"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell made by winding the electrodes into a jelly roll and sealing it in a round metal can. Sizes are named by their dimensions: a 21700 cell is 21 mm across and 70 mm long.",
        "related": [
          "jelly-roll",
          "can",
          "tabless-design",
          "prismatic-cell",
          "pouch-cell",
          "centre-pin"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#formats",
        "example": {
          "title": "Shape versus ratings",
          "text": "A cylindrical shape does not supply the model’s capacity, resistance or voltage limits; those belong to the actual cell."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cylindrical-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "winding"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nickel-strip",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nickel strip",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nickel-strip",
        "name": "Nickel strip",
        "aka": [
          "nickel tab",
          "Hilumin",
          "nickel-plated steel strip"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The thin strip, usually 0.1–0.3 mm thick, spot-welded across cell terminals to join cylindrical cells in tool, e-bike and medical packs. Pure nickel conducts far better than nickel-plated steel, which looks identical, so plated steel in a high-current path is a common cause of hot interconnects.",
        "related": [
          "resistance-welding",
          "busbar",
          "cylindrical-cell",
          "series-parallel"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-strip/",
        "mentions": [
          "micromobility"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:resistance-welding",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Resistance welding",
      "properties": {
        "id": "resistance-welding",
        "name": "Resistance welding",
        "aka": [
          "resistance spot welding",
          "spot welding"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Joining metals by clamping them between electrodes and passing a short, high current pulse, so contact resistance melts a small nugget. It joins the negative tab to the can base inside cylindrical cells and nickel strips to cell terminals in tool and e-bike packs; for copper and aluminium busbars laser welding has largely taken over, as they conduct too well to heat.",
        "related": [
          "laser-welding",
          "ultrasonic-welding",
          "tab-welding",
          "cell-canning",
          "busbar"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/resistance-welding/",
        "mentions": [
          "micromobility",
          "contact-resistance"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}