{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:nickel-strip",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Nickel strip",
    "properties": {
      "id": "nickel-strip",
      "name": "Nickel strip",
      "aka": [
        "nickel tab",
        "Hilumin",
        "nickel-plated steel strip"
      ],
      "section": "topic-pack",
      "definition": "The thin strip, usually 0.1–0.3 mm thick, spot-welded across cell terminals to join cylindrical cells in tool, e-bike and medical packs. Pure nickel conducts far better than nickel-plated steel, which looks identical, so plated steel in a high-current path is a common cause of hot interconnects.",
      "related": [
        "resistance-welding",
        "busbar",
        "cylindrical-cell",
        "series-parallel"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-strip/",
      "mentions": [
        "micromobility"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:nickel-strip/topic:topic-pack",
      "source": "term:nickel-strip",
      "target": "topic:topic-pack",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-strip/term:resistance-welding",
      "source": "term:nickel-strip",
      "target": "term:resistance-welding",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-strip/term:busbar",
      "source": "term:nickel-strip",
      "target": "term:busbar",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-strip/term:cylindrical-cell",
      "source": "term:nickel-strip",
      "target": "term:cylindrical-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-strip/term:series-parallel",
      "source": "term:nickel-strip",
      "target": "term:series-parallel",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/nickel-strip/micromobility",
      "source": "term:nickel-strip",
      "target": "term:micromobility",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-pack",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Modules, packs and battery management",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-pack",
        "name": "Modules, packs and battery management",
        "lede": "From a single cell to a working battery system, and the electronics that keep it safe.",
        "context": "Make series/parallel architecture explicit.",
        "example": "Twelve 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells in 6s2p give 21.6 V, 10 Ah and 216 Wh nominally before other restrictions.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:resistance-welding",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Resistance welding",
      "properties": {
        "id": "resistance-welding",
        "name": "Resistance welding",
        "aka": [
          "resistance spot welding",
          "spot welding"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Joining metals by clamping them between electrodes and passing a short, high current pulse, so contact resistance melts a small nugget. It joins the negative tab to the can base inside cylindrical cells and nickel strips to cell terminals in tool and e-bike packs; for copper and aluminium busbars laser welding has largely taken over, as they conduct too well to heat.",
        "related": [
          "laser-welding",
          "ultrasonic-welding",
          "tab-welding",
          "cell-canning",
          "busbar"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/resistance-welding/",
        "mentions": [
          "micromobility",
          "contact-resistance"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:busbar",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Busbar",
      "properties": {
        "id": "busbar",
        "name": "Busbar",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "A rigid copper or aluminium conductor that joins cell terminals into series and parallel groups, and modules into the pack. Its cross-section is sized for current and heating, and its joints — welded or bolted — are a classic source of resistance and failure.",
        "related": [
          "series-parallel",
          "terminal",
          "laser-welding",
          "internal-resistance",
          "wire-bonding"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/busbar/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cylindrical-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cylindrical cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cylindrical-cell",
        "name": "Cylindrical cell",
        "aka": [
          "18650",
          "21700",
          "4680"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell made by winding the electrodes into a jelly roll and sealing it in a round metal can. Sizes are named by their dimensions: a 21700 cell is 21 mm across and 70 mm long.",
        "related": [
          "jelly-roll",
          "can",
          "tabless-design",
          "prismatic-cell",
          "pouch-cell",
          "centre-pin"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#formats",
        "example": {
          "title": "Shape versus ratings",
          "text": "A cylindrical shape does not supply the model’s capacity, resistance or voltage limits; those belong to the actual cell."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cylindrical-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "winding"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:series-parallel",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Series and parallel connection",
      "properties": {
        "id": "series-parallel",
        "name": "Series and parallel connection",
        "aka": [
          "xSyP"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "Cells in series add their voltages; cells in parallel add their capacities and share current. A pack is described as, for example, 96s4p: 96 groups in series, each of 4 cells in parallel. Series strings need balancing; parallel groups self-balance through their shared terminals.",
        "formula": "V = n_s·V_cell, Q = n_p·Q_cell",
        "related": [
          "module",
          "cell-balancing",
          "pack-voltage",
          "volt",
          "fuse"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "example": {
          "title": "Assemble an ideal 4s2p pack",
          "text": "Eight identical 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells arranged as four series groups with two cells in parallel give 14.4 V nominal, 10 Ah and 144 Wh. Interconnect losses, cell variation and usable voltage limits are additional constraints."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/series-parallel/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:micromobility",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Micromobility",
      "properties": {
        "id": "micromobility",
        "name": "Micromobility",
        "aka": [
          "light electric vehicle",
          "LEV",
          "e-bike"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "E-bikes, e-scooters and small motorcycles with packs of 0.3–3 kWh built from cylindrical cells. Their packs are cheap and often charged indoors, which is why they feature disproportionately in fire statistics.",
        "related": [
          "cylindrical-cell",
          "protection-circuit",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "un-r136",
          "en-50604",
          "battery-swapping"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/micromobility/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}