{
"node": {
"id": "term:pack",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Battery pack",
"properties": {
"id": "pack",
"name": "Battery pack",
"section": "topic-pack",
"definition": "The complete battery as installed: modules or cells, the BMS, contactors and fuses, busbars, cooling, sensors and an enclosure. Its energy is the sum of its cells’ energies; its mass and volume are a good deal more.",
"related": [
"module",
"bms",
"battery-disconnect-unit",
"thermal-management",
"cell-to-pack-ratio",
"enclosure"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pack/",
"mentions": []
}
},
"edges": [
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:pack/workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-ekf",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-ekf",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:pack/workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:pack/workflow:native-battery-parallel-group",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-parallel-group",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:pack/workflow:native-battery-module",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-module",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:pack/workflow:native-battery-module-assembly",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-module-assembly",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:usedIn/term:pack/workflow:native-battery-pack-assembly",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "workflow:native-battery-pack-assembly",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:belongsTo/term:pack/topic:topic-pack",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "topic:topic-pack",
"type": "belongsTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:pack/term:module",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "term:module",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:pack/term:bms",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "term:bms",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:pack/term:battery-disconnect-unit",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "term:battery-disconnect-unit",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:pack/term:thermal-management",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "term:thermal-management",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:pack/term:cell-to-pack-ratio",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "term:cell-to-pack-ratio",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:relatedTo/term:pack/term:enclosure",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "term:enclosure",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:explainedIn/term:pack/lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
"type": "explainedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:illustratedBy/term:pack/visual:pack",
"source": "term:pack",
"target": "visual:pack",
"type": "illustratedBy",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
}
}
],
"neighbors": [
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-ekf",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Pack-average SOC EKF worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-pack-soc-ekf",
"title": "Pack-average SOC EKF worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Homogeneous series-cell average observer. Voltage, resistance and observation slope scale by series count; output is an average, not individual cell SOC.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Series pack current = 1 A, Measured pack voltage = 15 V, Voltage valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, Average SOC is 0.79 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The estimate is a pack average, without independently estimated cell states. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-pack-soc-ekf",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Pack-average SOC adaptive EKF worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf",
"title": "Pack-average SOC adaptive EKF worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Homogeneous series-cell average observer. Voltage, resistance and observation slope scale by series count; output is an average, not individual cell SOC.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Series pack current = 1 A, Measured pack voltage = 15 V, Voltage valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, Average SOC is 0.79 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The estimate is a pack average, without independently estimated cell states. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-parallel-group",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Parallel cell group worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-parallel-group",
"title": "Parallel cell group worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 4 A, Cell ambient temperatures = [298.15, 298.15] K, External cell heat inputs = [0, 0] W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 3.66 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-parallel-group",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-module",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Battery module worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-module",
"title": "Battery module worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 6 A, Cell ambient temperatures = [298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15] K, External cell heat inputs = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 10.92 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-module",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-module-assembly",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Module assembly worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-module-assembly",
"title": "Module assembly worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 6 A, Cell ambient temperatures = 12 channels each 298.15 K, External cell heat inputs = 12 channels each 0 W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 21.84 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-module-assembly",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "workflow:native-battery-pack-assembly",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Battery pack assembly worked example",
"properties": {
"id": "native-battery-pack-assembly",
"title": "Battery pack assembly worked example",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
"steps": [
"Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
"Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
"Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
],
"example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 12 A, Cell ambient temperatures = 24 channels each 298.15 K, External cell heat inputs = 24 channels each 0 W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 21.84 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
"observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
"limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-pack-assembly",
"label": "Open Studio example",
"evidence": [
"docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
]
}
},
{
"id": "topic:topic-pack",
"type": "Topic",
"label": "Modules, packs and battery management",
"properties": {
"id": "topic-pack",
"name": "Modules, packs and battery management",
"lede": "From a single cell to a working battery system, and the electronics that keep it safe.",
"context": "Make series/parallel architecture explicit.",
"example": "Twelve 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells in 6s2p give 21.6 V, 10 Ah and 216 Wh nominally before other restrictions.",
"lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
"lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
}
},
{
"id": "term:module",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Module",
"properties": {
"id": "module",
"name": "Module",
"section": "topic-pack",
"definition": "A group of cells connected in series and parallel, mechanically held together with its own voltage and temperature sensing, built as the unit from which a pack is assembled and serviced. Cell-to-pack designs do away with it.",
"related": [
"cell",
"pack",
"series-parallel",
"cell-to-pack",
"cell-supervision-circuit"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/module/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:bms",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Battery management system",
"properties": {
"id": "bms",
"name": "Battery management system",
"abbr": "BMS",
"section": "topic-pack",
"definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
"related": [
"state-of-charge",
"cell-balancing",
"state-of-power",
"cell-supervision-circuit",
"contactor",
"can-bus"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
"mentions": [
"state-of-health",
"cell-voltage"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:battery-disconnect-unit",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Battery disconnect unit",
"properties": {
"id": "battery-disconnect-unit",
"name": "Battery disconnect unit",
"abbr": "BDU",
"aka": [
"battery junction box"
],
"section": "topic-hvsafety",
"definition": "The box inside the pack that holds the contactors, pre-charge circuit, main fuse or pyrofuse and current sensor, where the pack’s high-voltage connections are made and broken.",
"related": [
"contactor",
"pre-charge",
"fuse",
"pyrofuse",
"current-sensor"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/battery-disconnect-unit/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:thermal-management",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Thermal management",
"properties": {
"id": "thermal-management",
"name": "Thermal management",
"abbr": "TMS",
"aka": [
"battery thermal management system",
"BTMS"
],
"section": "topic-thermal",
"definition": "Keeping cells in their comfortable range, roughly 15–35 °C, and within a few degrees of each other: liquid cooling plates, refrigerant plates or immersion for heat removal, and heaters or waste heat for warming before fast charging in the cold.",
"related": [
"cooling-plate",
"thermal-interface-material",
"operating-temperature",
"heat-generation",
"preconditioning",
"temperature-sensor"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-management/",
"mentions": [
"fast-charging"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:cell-to-pack-ratio",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Cell-to-pack ratio",
"properties": {
"id": "cell-to-pack-ratio",
"name": "Cell-to-pack ratio",
"aka": [
"gravimetric cell-to-pack ratio",
"GCTP"
],
"section": "topic-ratings",
"definition": "The share of a pack’s mass or volume that is cells rather than housing, cooling, busbars and electronics. It is typically 60–75 % by mass; raising it is the point of cell-to-pack and cell-to-chassis designs.",
"unit": "%",
"related": [
"cell-to-pack",
"specific-energy",
"pack"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-to-pack-ratio/",
"mentions": [
"cell-to-chassis"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:enclosure",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Enclosure",
"properties": {
"id": "enclosure",
"name": "Enclosure",
"aka": [
"battery housing",
"battery tray"
],
"section": "topic-pack",
"definition": "The sealed case that carries the modules, protects them in a crash, keeps water out to an IP67 rating or better and vents gas in a thermal event. In many cars it is a structural part of the body.",
"related": [
"pack",
"ip-rating",
"cell-to-chassis",
"venting",
"gigacasting",
"ul-94"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/enclosure/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
"type": "Lesson",
"label": "Lesson 0 · Battery basics",
"properties": {
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/"
}
},
{
"id": "visual:pack",
"type": "Visual",
"label": "Series voltage and parallel capacity",
"properties": {
"title": "Series voltage and parallel capacity",
"summary": "Count series and parallel connections separately.",
"readout": "4S2P: 8 cells, 14.8 V, 10 Ah, 148 Wh.",
"formula": "V_pack = Ns V_cell; Q_pack = Np Q_cell",
"note": "Identical 3.7 V, 5 Ah cells; ideal equal current sharing and no losses.",
"software": {
"status": "reference",
"label": "Reference concept",
"body": "Ideal pack ratings use V_pack = Ns V_cell and Q_pack = Np Q_cell. The core energy helper can multiply these ratings. Imbalance and current sharing require additional models.",
"href": "../fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/"
},
"html": "Voltage along one series string