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"edge:illustratedBy/term:state-of-charge/visual:soc", "source": "term:state-of-charge", "target": "visual:soc", "type": "illustratedBy", "properties": { "sourceFile": "visual-pages.json" } }, { "id": "edge:cites/term:state-of-charge/reference:plett-estimation", "source": "term:state-of-charge", "target": "reference:plett-estimation", "type": "cites", "properties": { "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json", "scope": "direct technical reference" } } ], "neighbors": [ { "id": "workflow:ocv-charge-balance", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Connect SOC and voltage", "properties": { "id": "ocv-charge-balance", "title": "Connect SOC and voltage", "kind": "studio", "summary": "The battery integrates charge and combines OCV with resistance.", "steps": [ "Inspect capacity, initial SOC and OCV endpoints.", "Compare OCV with terminal voltage." ], "example": "OCV endpoints of 300 and 420 V give 360 V at 50% SOC. Charging at 10 A through 0.08 Ω adds 0.8 V.", "observe": "At unity coulombic efficiency, 10 A for 1 h adds ten percentage points to 100 Ah.", "limits": "Internal model SOC is not an estimate of an unknown physical battery. OCV is linear and resistance fixed.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home", "label": "Open the Studio example", "evidence": [ "js/charging-control.js", "js/charging-scenarios.js", "docs/CHARGING_BLOCKS_SPEC.md" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-charge-counter", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Charge counter worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-charge-counter", "title": "Charge counter worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Integrates signed throughput. Changing capacity preserves fraction and reports revaluation separately.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery current = 2 A, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, State of charge is 0.8 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "Current or power bias accumulates. Fraction clipping is reported as a boundary amount; it does not make the connected plant respect that boundary. Energy variants need capacity in joules. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-charge-counter", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-variable-charge-counter", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Charge counter with capacity input worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-variable-charge-counter", "title": "Charge counter with capacity input worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Integrates signed throughput. Changing capacity preserves fraction and reports revaluation separately.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery current = 2 A, Reset = 0 true / false, Charge capacity (Ah) = 2 Ah. At 0 s, State of charge is 0.8 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "Current or power bias accumulates. Fraction clipping is reported as a boundary amount; it does not make the connected plant respect that boundary. Energy variants need capacity in joules. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-variable-charge-counter", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-energy-counter", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Energy counter worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-energy-counter", "title": "Energy counter worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Integrates signed throughput. Changing capacity preserves fraction and reports revaluation separately.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery power = 2 W, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, State of energy is 0.8 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "Current or power bias accumulates. Fraction clipping is reported as a boundary amount; it does not make the connected plant respect that boundary. Energy variants need capacity in joules. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-energy-counter", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-variable-energy-counter", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Energy counter with capacity input worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-variable-energy-counter", "title": "Energy counter with capacity input worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Integrates signed throughput. Changing capacity preserves fraction and reports revaluation separately.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery power = 2 W, Reset = 0 true / false, Energy capacity (J) = 7200 J. At 0 s, State of energy is 0.8 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "Current or power bias accumulates. Fraction clipping is reported as a boundary amount; it does not make the connected plant respect that boundary. Energy variants need capacity in joules. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-variable-energy-counter", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-power-capability", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Pulse power capability worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-power-capability", "title": "Pulse power capability worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Quasi-static voltage/current/SOC envelope for an explicit prediction horizon.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Open-circuit voltage = 3.8 V, Effective pulse resistance (ohm) = 0.1 1, State of charge = 0.5 1 (fraction). At 0 s, Discharge-current limit is 5 A. Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "This is a quasi-static bound. It excludes polarization dynamics, temperature evolution and weakest-cell limits in a pack. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-power-capability", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soc-ekf", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOC EKF worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soc-ekf", "title": "SOC EKF worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, State of charge is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soc-ekf", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soc-ekf-variable-capacity", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOC EKF with capacity input worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soc-ekf-variable-capacity", "title": "SOC EKF with capacity input worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false, Charge capacity (Ah) = 2 Ah. At 0 s, State of charge is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soc-ekf-variable-capacity", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soc-adaptive-ekf", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOC adaptive EKF worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soc-adaptive-ekf", "title": "SOC adaptive EKF worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity. Innovation matching adapts bounded voltage-noise variance.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, State of charge is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soc-adaptive-ekf", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soc-adaptive-ekf-variable-capacity", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOC adaptive EKF with capacity input worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soc-adaptive-ekf-variable-capacity", "title": "SOC adaptive EKF with capacity input worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity. Innovation matching adapts bounded voltage-noise variance.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false, Charge capacity (Ah) = 2 Ah. At 0 s, State of charge is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soc-adaptive-ekf-variable-capacity", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soe-ekf", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOE EKF worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soe-ekf", "title": "SOE EKF worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery power = 0 W, Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, State of energy is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soe-ekf", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soe-ekf-variable-capacity", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOE EKF with capacity input worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soe-ekf-variable-capacity", "title": "SOE EKF with capacity input worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery power = 0 W, Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false, Energy capacity (J) = 7200 J. At 0 s, State of energy is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soe-ekf-variable-capacity", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soe-adaptive-ekf", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOE adaptive EKF worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soe-adaptive-ekf", "title": "SOE adaptive EKF worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity. Innovation matching adapts bounded voltage-noise variance.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery power = 0 W, Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, State of energy is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soe-adaptive-ekf", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-soe-adaptive-ekf-variable-capacity", "type": "Workflow", "label": "SOE adaptive EKF with capacity input worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-soe-adaptive-ekf-variable-capacity", "title": "SOE adaptive EKF with capacity input worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "One-state extended Kalman observer with a calibrated fraction-to-OCV table, Joseph covariance update and explicit measurement validity. Innovation matching adapts bounded voltage-noise variance.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed battery power = 0 W, Signed battery current = 0 A, Measured voltage = 3.8 V, Voltage measurement valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false, Energy capacity (J) = 7200 J. At 0 s, State of energy is 0.76 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-soe-adaptive-ekf-variable-capacity", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-ekf", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Pack-average SOC EKF worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-pack-soc-ekf", "title": "Pack-average SOC EKF worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Homogeneous series-cell average observer. Voltage, resistance and observation slope scale by series count; output is an average, not individual cell SOC.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Series pack current = 1 A, Measured pack voltage = 15 V, Voltage valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, Average SOC is 0.79 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The estimate is a pack average, without independently estimated cell states. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-pack-soc-ekf", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Pack-average SOC adaptive EKF worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf", "title": "Pack-average SOC adaptive EKF worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Homogeneous series-cell average observer. Voltage, resistance and observation slope scale by series count; output is an average, not individual cell SOC.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Series pack current = 1 A, Measured pack voltage = 15 V, Voltage valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, Average SOC is 0.79 1 (fraction). Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. The estimate is a pack average, without independently estimated cell states. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-pack-soc-adaptive-ekf", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-cell-delta-soc-ekf", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Cell-delta SOC EKF worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-cell-delta-soc-ekf", "title": "Cell-delta SOC EKF worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Estimates deviation from a supplied average. Average-error variance enters voltage uncertainty under an explicit independent-error assumption.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Series current = 1 A, Measured cell voltage = 3.73 V, Average SOC = 0.8 1 (fraction), Average SOC variance = 0 1, Aligned measurements valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false. At 0 s, SOC deviation from average is -0.01 1. Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. No jointly estimated correlated covariance between the average and the cell deviation. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-cell-delta-soc-ekf", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "workflow:native-battery-cell-delta-soc-ekf-variable-resistance", "type": "Workflow", "label": "Cell-delta SOC EKF with resistance input worked example", "properties": { "id": "native-battery-cell-delta-soc-ekf-variable-resistance", "title": "Cell-delta SOC EKF with resistance input worked example", "kind": "studio", "summary": "Estimates deviation from a supplied average. Average-error variance enters voltage uncertainty under an explicit independent-error assumption.", "steps": [ "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.", "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.", "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again." ], "example": "Use the defaults below with Series current = 1 A, Measured cell voltage = 3.73 V, Average SOC = 0.8 1 (fraction), Average SOC variance = 0 1, Aligned measurements valid = 1 true / false, Reset = 0 true / false, Cell resistance (ohm) = 0.05 1. At 0 s, SOC deviation from average is -0.01 1. Additional checks are listed below.", "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.", "limits": "One-state extended Kalman observers, without an unscented transform, RC polarization states or automatic cell identification. SOE requires its own energy-fraction-to-OCV calibration. Synthetic filter settings are not accuracy guarantees. No jointly estimated correlated covariance between the average and the cell deviation. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.", "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-cell-delta-soc-ekf-variable-resistance", "label": "Open Studio example", "evidence": [ "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json" ] } }, { "id": "topic:topic-state", "type": "Topic", "label": "State estimation", "properties": { "id": "topic-state", "name": "State estimation", "lede": "The quantities a battery management system estimates but cannot measure directly.", "context": "Distinguish internal states from noisy measurement estimates.", "example": "Current-sensor bias accumulates in coulomb counting. Exact model SOC does not establish real estimator accuracy.", "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/", "lesson_label": "Open charge balance" } }, { "id": "term:depth-of-discharge", "type": "Term", "label": "Depth of discharge", "properties": { "id": "depth-of-discharge", "name": "Depth of discharge", "abbr": "DOD", "section": "topic-state", "definition": "How much of a cell’s capacity is used in a cycle. Deep cycles cause more mechanical stress in the active materials than shallow ones.", "unit": "%", "related": [ "state-of-charge", "cycle-life", "particle-cracking", "usable-capacity" ], "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#cracking", "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/depth-of-discharge/", "mentions": [] } }, { "id": "term:ocv-soc-curve", "type": "Term", "label": "OCV–SOC curve", "properties": { "id": "ocv-soc-curve", "name": "OCV–SOC curve", "section": "topic-state", "definition": "The characteristic relation between a cell’s open-circuit voltage and its state of charge, measured once at low current and stored in the BMS. A steep curve, as for NMC, makes SOC easy to read from voltage; LFP’s flat curve does not.", "related": [ "open-circuit-voltage", "state-of-charge", "coulomb-counting", "lfp", "voltage-plateau", "ocv-test" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ocv-soc-curve/", "mentions": [ "bms" ] } }, { "id": "term:coulomb-counting", "type": "Term", "label": "Coulomb counting", "properties": { "id": "coulomb-counting", "name": "Coulomb counting", "aka": [ "ampere-hour counting" ], "section": "topic-state", "definition": "Estimating state of charge by integrating the measured current over time. Simple and fast, but sensor offset accumulates, so it is corrected against the OCV–SOC curve at rest or fused with it in a Kalman filter.", "formula": "SOC(t) = SOC₀ − ∫ I dt / Q", "related": [ "state-of-charge", "ocv-soc-curve", "kalman-filter", "current-sensor" ], "example": { "title": "Integrate a discharge step", "text": "Starting at 80% SOC with a 5 Ah available capacity, an ideal 2 A discharge for 30 min removes 1 Ah and lowers SOC to 60%. This example takes discharge current as positive and ignores efficiency and sensor error." }, "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coulomb-counting/", "mentions": [ "open-circuit-voltage" ] } }, { "id": "term:state-of-health", "type": "Term", "label": "State of health", "properties": { "id": "state-of-health", "name": "State of health", "abbr": "SOH", "section": "topic-state", "definition": "A summary of how far a cell has aged, often expressed through remaining capacity or increased resistance compared with when it was new. By convention a cell has reached end of life at 80 % of its rated capacity.", "unit": "%", "related": [ "capacity-fade", "impedance-rise", "end-of-life", "remaining-useful-life", "state-of-charge", "state-of-certified-energy" ], "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells", "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-health/", "mentions": [ "nominal-capacity" ] } }, { "id": "term:bms", "type": "Term", "label": "Battery management system", "properties": { "id": "bms", "name": "Battery management system", "abbr": "BMS", "section": "topic-pack", "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.", "related": [ "state-of-charge", "cell-balancing", "state-of-power", "cell-supervision-circuit", "contactor", "can-bus" ], "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack", "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/", "mentions": [ "state-of-health", "cell-voltage" ] } }, { "id": "term:usable-capacity", "type": "Term", "label": "Usable capacity", "properties": { "id": "usable-capacity", "name": "Usable capacity", "aka": [ "available capacity" ], "section": "topic-ratings", "definition": "The part of a cell’s capacity that a system actually lets it use, after the BMS reserves margins at the top and bottom of the state-of-charge window. An electric-car pack may use 90–95 % of its gross capacity.", "related": [ "nominal-capacity", "depth-of-discharge", "state-of-charge", "bms" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/usable-capacity/", "mentions": [] } }, { "id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-aging/", "type": "Lesson", "label": "Lesson 4 · Battery aging", "properties": { "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/" } }, { "id": "visual:soc", "type": "Visual", "label": "Charge balance and state of charge", "properties": { "title": "Charge balance and state of charge", "summary": "SOC rises with accumulated charge; depth of discharge falls by the same amount.", "readout": "From 20% SOC, ideal full charge takes 48 min. Integration stops at 100%.", "formula": "SOC = SOC₀ + ∫ I_charge dt / Q; DOD = 1 − SOC", "note": "Current is positive into the cell. Constant capacity and 100% charge efficiency; no CC-CV taper.", "software": { "status": "studio", "label": "Charge balance in Studio", "body": "Battery state advances by integrating current over each time step. This illustration assumes fixed capacity and 100% charge efficiency; it does not implement an estimator or correct sensor drift.", "href": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home" }, "html": "
Complementary charge fractions
Complementary charge fractionsTime (h) versus Capacity fraction (%). SOC; DOD. Interpretation follows the graphs.002515027531004Time (h)Capacity fraction (%)
SOCDOD (dashed)
" } }, { "id": "reference:plett-estimation", "type": "Reference", "label": "Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 3. State and parameter estimation", "properties": { "title": "Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 3. State and parameter estimation", "publisher": "Journal of Power Sources", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.02.033", "type": "Research article", "scope": "Model-based battery state-of-charge and parameter estimation with extended Kalman filtering, including uncertainty and model dependence.", "year": 2004, "authors": [ "Gregory L. Plett" ], "accessed": "2026-10-27" } } ] }