{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:taper-charging",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Taper charging",
    "properties": {
      "id": "taper-charging",
      "name": "Taper charging",
      "aka": [
        "taper charger",
        "constant-potential charging",
        "unregulated charging",
        "W-characteristic charger"
      ],
      "section": "topic-charging",
      "definition": "Charging from a source whose current falls by itself as the battery voltage rises — classically a transformer and rectifier with no regulation. Cheap, and once common for lead–acid, it overcharges unless timed. In lithium-ion usage the phrase often means simply the constant-voltage stage, in which current tapers towards the taper current.",
      "related": [
        "taper-current",
        "iu-charging-characteristics",
        "lead-acid",
        "cc-cv-charging",
        "overcharge"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/taper-charging/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:taper-charging/topic:topic-charging",
      "source": "term:taper-charging",
      "target": "topic:topic-charging",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:taper-charging/term:taper-current",
      "source": "term:taper-charging",
      "target": "term:taper-current",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:taper-charging/term:iu-charging-characteristics",
      "source": "term:taper-charging",
      "target": "term:iu-charging-characteristics",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:taper-charging/term:lead-acid",
      "source": "term:taper-charging",
      "target": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:taper-charging/term:cc-cv-charging",
      "source": "term:taper-charging",
      "target": "term:cc-cv-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:taper-charging/term:overcharge",
      "source": "term:taper-charging",
      "target": "term:overcharge",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-charging",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Charging and discharging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-charging",
        "name": "Charging and discharging",
        "lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
        "context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
        "example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:taper-current",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Taper current",
      "properties": {
        "id": "taper-current",
        "name": "Taper current",
        "aka": [
          "termination current",
          "cutoff current"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The current at which a constant-voltage charge stage is declared finished, often C/20 or C/50. A higher taper current ends the charge sooner and leaves the cell slightly less than full.",
        "unit": "A",
        "related": [
          "constant-voltage",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "state-of-charge",
          "taper-charging",
          "charge-termination"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/taper-current/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iu-charging-characteristics",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IU, IUoU and IUI charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iu-charging-characteristics",
        "name": "IU, IUoU and IUI charging",
        "aka": [
          "IUoU",
          "IUI",
          "IUIa",
          "three-stage charging",
          "W characteristic",
          "DIN 41772"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The letter code, set out in DIN 41772, for a charger’s profile: I for a constant-current stage, U for constant voltage and W for current that falls as voltage rises. IUoU charges lead–acid at constant current, then at a raised voltage, then at a lower float voltage; IUI ends with a small constant current that finishes flooded traction cells and stirs their acid by gassing.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "trickle-charge",
          "equalization-charge",
          "flooded-lead-acid"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iu-charging-characteristics/",
        "mentions": [
          "constant-current",
          "constant-voltage",
          "charger",
          "gas-generation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lead–acid battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lead-acid",
        "name": "Lead–acid battery",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The oldest rechargeable chemistry, lead and lead dioxide electrodes in sulfuric acid, at 2 V per cell. Heavy and short-lived in deep cycling but cheap, recyclable and good at cold cranking, it still starts most cars and backs up most telecom sites.",
        "related": [
          "nominal-voltage",
          "recycling",
          "specific-energy"
        ],
        "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-market",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lead-acid/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cc-cv-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "CC-CV charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cc-cv-charging",
        "name": "CC-CV charging",
        "aka": [
          "constant current constant voltage"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The standard lithium-ion charge protocol: constant current until the cell reaches its upper cutoff voltage, then that voltage held constant while the current tapers. The charge ends when the current falls to a set fraction, often C/20.",
        "related": [
          "constant-current",
          "constant-voltage",
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "taper-current",
          "fast-charging",
          "cp-cv"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells",
        "example": {
          "title": "Follow a two-stage charge",
          "text": "For an illustrative 5 Ah cell, a 2.5 A current request is 0.5C. During CC the voltage rises. At the selected upper voltage, CV regulation holds voltage while current tapers. Completion requires the taper current to fall below the selected cutoff for the configured dwell."
        },
        "notes": [
          "Choose voltage, current and temperature limits from the actual cell specification. These example values do not define a charging recipe."
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cc-cv-charging/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:overcharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Overcharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "overcharge",
        "name": "Overcharge",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging past the upper cutoff voltage. The positive electrode over-delithiates and releases oxygen, the electrolyte oxidises and lithium plates on the negative, so an unprotected overcharge can end in thermal runaway.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "bms",
          "overcharge-test",
          "electrolyte-decomposition"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/overcharge/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}