{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Uninterruptible power supply",
    "properties": {
      "id": "uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "name": "Uninterruptible power supply",
      "abbr": "UPS",
      "aka": [
        "UPS battery",
        "standby power supply"
      ],
      "section": "topic-applications",
      "definition": "Equipment that keeps critical loads — servers, telecoms, hospital systems — running through a mains failure, either switching to its battery within milliseconds or carrying the load through it continuously. Its batteries sit on float for years and must deliver 5–15 minutes at high power, a role long filled by VRLA and increasingly by lithium-ion, mostly LFP.",
      "related": [
        "en-62040-1",
        "vrla",
        "trickle-charge",
        "lfp",
        "power-path-management",
        "stationary-storage"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/uninterruptible-power-supply/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:uninterruptible-power-supply/topic:topic-applications",
      "source": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "target": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uninterruptible-power-supply/term:en-62040-1",
      "source": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "target": "term:en-62040-1",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uninterruptible-power-supply/term:vrla",
      "source": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "target": "term:vrla",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uninterruptible-power-supply/term:trickle-charge",
      "source": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "target": "term:trickle-charge",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uninterruptible-power-supply/term:lfp",
      "source": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "target": "term:lfp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uninterruptible-power-supply/term:power-path-management",
      "source": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "target": "term:power-path-management",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uninterruptible-power-supply/term:stationary-storage",
      "source": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "target": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Applications and market",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-applications",
        "name": "Applications and market",
        "lede": "Where batteries are used, and the terms used to buy, size and compare them.",
        "context": "Start with mission energy, peak power and operating conditions.",
        "example": "20 kWh total energy and a ten-second 100 kW peak constrain different design aspects.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open energy and power"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:en-62040-1",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "EN 62040-1",
      "properties": {
        "id": "en-62040-1",
        "name": "EN 62040-1",
        "aka": [
          "IEC 62040-1",
          "UPS safety standard"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The European adoption of IEC 62040-1, the safety standard for uninterruptible power systems with an AC output and an energy storage device — usually a battery behind a DC link — on low-voltage networks up to 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC. The battery room or cabinet itself also falls under IEC 62485-2.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
          "vrla",
          "iec-62485",
          "stationary-storage",
          "ieee-485",
          "uninterruptible-power-supply"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/en-62040-1/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:vrla",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Valve-regulated lead–acid",
      "properties": {
        "id": "vrla",
        "name": "Valve-regulated lead–acid",
        "abbr": "VRLA",
        "aka": [
          "sealed lead–acid",
          "SLA",
          "AGM",
          "gel battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A lead–acid battery whose electrolyte is immobilised in glass-fibre mats (AGM) or a gel, with a pressure valve instead of open vents, so it can be used in any orientation without maintenance. It recombines the gases of overcharge internally.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
          "flooded-lead-acid",
          "sulfation",
          "auxiliary-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/vrla/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "overcharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:trickle-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Trickle and float charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "trickle-charge",
        "name": "Trickle and float charging",
        "aka": [
          "float charge",
          "float charging",
          "trickle charge"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Holding a battery at a small current, or a fixed voltage, to keep it full. It is standard for lead–acid and NiMH but harmful for lithium-ion, which should be left to rest once charged; lithium-ion chargers instead top up when the voltage sags.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
          "overcharge",
          "calendar-aging",
          "slow-charging",
          "oxygen-recombination"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/trickle-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "nickel-metal-hydride"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lfp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LFP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lfp",
        "name": "LFP",
        "aka": [
          "lithium iron phosphate",
          "LiFePO₄"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A positive electrode material, LiFePO₄, giving cells a nominal voltage around 3.2 V, long cycle life and good thermal stability, but less energy per kilogram than nickel-rich oxides. Its flat voltage curve makes state of charge hard to read from voltage alone.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "nmc",
          "lmfp",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "cycle-life"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#voltage",
        "example": {
          "title": "Chemistry is not the whole datasheet",
          "text": "Two LFP products can differ in format, loading, capacity and current limits. Their cathode family alone does not make them interchangeable."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lfp/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "discharge-curve",
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:power-path-management",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Power-path management",
      "properties": {
        "id": "power-path-management",
        "name": "Power-path management",
        "aka": [
          "power path",
          "ideal diode",
          "load sharing",
          "system output power",
          "instant-on"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "Circuitry that routes power between an external supply, the battery and the system load, so the device runs from the supply while the battery charges, draws on the battery when the supply sags or fails, and adds battery current during peaks. An ideal-diode switch — a MOSFET driven to behave as a near-lossless diode — makes the changeover seamless.",
        "related": [
          "charger",
          "embedded-charger",
          "mosfet",
          "uninterruptible-power-supply"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/power-path-management/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Stationary storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "stationary-storage",
        "name": "Stationary storage",
        "abbr": "BESS",
        "aka": [
          "battery energy storage system",
          "ESS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.",
        "related": [
          "lfp",
          "energy-management-system",
          "inverter",
          "energy-arbitrage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "ul-9540a"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/stationary-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}