lemonergy· battery engineering courses

Battery knowledge · Capacity, energy, power and ratings

Operating temperature

The temperature range a cell may be charged and discharged in, typically 0–45 °C for charging and −20–60 °C for discharging. Charging below 0 °C risks lithium plating; above the range the cell ages fast and may vent.

Unit
°C

Example

Temperature and reaction rate

At 25 °C: 1×. At 35 °C: 1.924×. At 45 °C: 3.554×.

The equation uses kelvin. One activated process is represented, not lifetime.

Explore the graph

Compare an activated process with its rate at 25 °C.

Relative reaction rate
Relative reaction rateTemperature (°C) versus Rate multiplier (×). Relative to 25 °C. Interpretation follows the graphs.002.18154.37306.55458.7460Temperature (°C)Rate multiplier (×)
Relative to 25 °C

At 25 °C: 1×. At 35 °C: 1.924×. At 45 °C: 3.554×.

k(T)/k(T_ref) = exp[(Eₐ/R)(1/T_ref − 1/T)]

Illustrative model. The equation uses kelvin. One activated process is represented, not lifetime.

Use in Lemonergy

Design protocol or analysis tool

Inspect pack temperature

The separate Charge session can include a lumped thermal node.

Equation or tool to use

  1. Charge session thermal node

    Balances heat and exchange

    Inputs & settings
    • Ambient temperature
    • Thermal mass (J/K)
    • Conductance (W/K)
    • Heater availability

This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.

  1. Provide thermal mass and conductance.
  2. Compare two ambient temperatures.

Example. 100 kJ/K thermal mass and 100 W/K conductance give a 1000 s no-source temperature-difference time constant.

Observe. Temperature limits can pause charge; heater and mass are separate.

One node does not resolve gradients, coolant geometry or runaway. Studio’s native charger instead uses external temperature.

Open Design → Charge session →

Lemonergy Studio blocks

Charge-current envelope worked example

Selects the most restrictive cell voltage and temperature current limit.

Blocks to use

  1. Charge-current envelope

    Interpolates voltage and temperature limit tables for every channel, then selects the smallest nonnegative magnitude together with the nominal cap. Disabling the block returns zero. The envelope feeds a controller or current actuator.

    Inputs & settings
    • Use the parameter values in the block reference.
    • Bundled example verified on the production release of 28 October 2026.

This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.

  1. Review the block inputs, units and model limits.
  2. Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.
  3. Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again.

Example. Use the defaults below with Cell voltages = [4, 4.05, 4.02] V, Cell temperatures = [298.15, 318.15, 300] K, Enable = 1 true / false. At 0 s, Allowed current magnitude is 1 A. Additional checks are listed below.

Observe. Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.

The tables are supplied by the model author. Their synthetic defaults do not establish a safe charging or discharging envelope. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.

Open Studio example →

Lemonergy Studio blocks

Coolant flow controller worked example

Controls the hottest cooling channel or coldest heating channel with hysteresis.

Blocks to use

  1. Coolant flow controller

    Uses the hottest channel for cooling or the coldest channel for heating. Separate on and off thresholds provide hysteresis. Enable gates the commanded coolant mass flow or heater power.

    Inputs & settings
    • Use the parameter values in the block reference.
    • Bundled example verified on the production release of 28 October 2026.

This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.

  1. Review the block inputs, units and model limits.
  2. Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.
  3. Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again.

Example. Use the defaults below with Cell temperatures = [300, 315, 310] K, Enable = 1 true / false. At 0 s, Coolant flow request is 0.1 kg/s. Additional checks are listed below.

Observe. Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.

The controller emits a request. Fluid transport and heater heat delivery require connected plant models. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.

Open Studio example →

Learn it in Lesson 4 · Battery aging →

All connected Lemonergy block references
Studio interfaces connected to this concept

These components declare this quantity or operation. Their individual pages distinguish authoring metadata from numerical verification.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

  1. The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition

    Bureau International des Poids et Mesures · 2026

    Topic background · Definitions of SI units and coherent derived units; 2026 revision.

  2. Battery Test Manual For Electric Vehicles, Revision 3

    Jon P. Christopherson · Idaho National Laboratory · 2015

    Topic background · Performance characterization, pulse resistance/power, life testing and reference performance tests; historical 2015 edition.

Corrections or a better reference? Contact Lemonergy.

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