Dual-battery truck systems
Compare a swappable main battery, a fixed reserve and equal-energy alternatives. Inspect independent pack states, service events, trade-offs and evidence.
Interactive system comparison · cost model next stage
Learn · model · understand
Battery examples, guides & knowledge
Start with a worked example, follow a practical guide, or explore the sources behind a design idea. Every page connects the explanation to its assumptions and evidence.
57 entries
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Worked examples
Open a worked pack-design case or run a prepared simulation, inspect its inputs and results, and trace the assumptions behind it.
Closed-loop recycling: from a returned pack to a cathode
Follow a returned battery fleet kilogram by kilogram to a new cathode, against the EU Battery Regulation targets. Every default cites a paper.
Interactive study
Cell discharge and thermal behavior
Select a cell, compare discharge and cooling, and open the nested electrical and thermal subsystems behind every result.
Selectable cells · layered model · native calculation
Roadster blocks and submodels
Inspect named subsystem interfaces, typed buses, native controllers and conserving physical components. Run the benchmark and download versioned models and trace evidence.
Interactive worked models · declared equations and test evidence
Charging strategies and V2X simulations
Connect charger physics to operating policies. Inspect shared site allocation, departure readiness, bidirectional energy exchange and conversion losses.
Original native models · editable Studio presets
Roadster Physics Lab
Watch the ramp reconstruction in 3D, inspect components and build four subsystem experiments. Continue to the Engineering Study to test quantitative design limits.
Visual exploration · companion Engineering Study available
Worked numerical examples
Run original synthetic battery, electrical and thermal teaching models, inspect their equations and compare complete native results with independent references.
Draft explanation
Synthetic pulse parameter recovery
A separately authored pulse experiment distinguishes forward-model checking from parameter recovery and independent holdout testing.
Draft explanation
Two cells: passive heat exchange
Check passive heat transfer between two equal thermal masses without sources or losses.
Editorially reviewed
Single cell: finite heat release
Check that a finite heat pulse releases the intended energy and stops at the declared event.
Editorially reviewed
Two cells: triggered heat propagation
Check that heat from the first cell produces the expected sampled trigger in its neighbor.
Editorially reviewed
Two cells: reduced thermal coupling
Inspect the same two-cell event model with weaker inter-cell heat transfer.
Editorially reviewed
51.2 V LFP home battery sizing for a four-hour 2 kW duty
Follow a 16S1P LF280K pack from a simple 8 kWh load budget to the existing Lemonergy design workspace. Inspect the native case, distinguish nominal energy from simulated state of charge, and keep estimated cell resistance and equipment limits visible.
Editorially reviewed
UAV battery cooling: inspect a 14-cell pouch stack in 3D
Run a 14S1P pouch-cell cooling comparison in Lemonergy's Thermal workspace. Follow the flight timeline, inspect each cell's temperature, and save or download the complete native model.
Editorially reviewed
Synthetic battery pulse: two relaxation branches
Excite a hypothetical two-RC cell with independently chosen current amplitudes and durations, then compare its voltage with a closed-form edge response.
Draft explanation
Series RLC: step response from rest
Apply a 10 V step to an original series resistor–inductor–capacitor teaching circuit and compare current and charge with its damped closed-form response.
Draft explanation
Synthetic thermal resistance
Conduct 6 W across a prescribed 2 K/W thermal resistance from a 320 K boundary.
Draft explanation
Synthetic convection balance
Evaluate a prescribed 0.08 m² surface at 315 K in 295 K air with h = 12.5 W/(m²·K).
Draft explanation
Synthetic insulated thermal mass
Supply 16 W to an insulated 800 J/K thermal capacity, initially 295 K.
Draft explanation
Synthetic thermal mass between two boundaries
Connect an 800 J/K thermal mass to 335 K through 2 W/K and to 295 K air through 1 W/K.
Draft explanation
How-to guides
Run a prepared example, interpret and download its results, or adapt a model in the Pro editor.
Run and inspect a prepared model
Load a fixed model, inspect its blocks, run the native engine and export the complete result.
Draft explanation
Read numerical comparison results
Completeness, finite outputs and preset error limits are checked separately; numerical agreement is narrower than physical validation.
Draft explanation
Collect independent implementation evidence
A reproducible comparison records inputs, solver settings, outputs and software identity for each independently executed implementation.
Draft explanation
Concepts and methods
Understand the engineering ideas, assumptions and proposed applications behind a design.
Battery thermal management
A starting point for thermal-management explanations, cooling concepts, source references and design studies.
Draft explanation
Liquid cooling integrated into the CCS
Evaluate an optional cooling path through a CCS assembly, with source attribution, linked components and explicit validation needs.
proposed
Charging duty
Compare joint and cell temperatures under the same current profile, coolant inlet temperature and flow.
proposed
Repeated power pulses
Investigate whether connector temperatures constrain repeated power pulses before bulk-cell temperatures do.
proposed
Cold-start conditioning
Compare joint, surface and internal temperature gradients while warming the module.
proposed
Module packaging
Compare assembly height, coolant routing, mass and service access against a conventional module.
proposed
Thermal propagation verification examples
Explore finite heat release, bidirectional exchange, sampled triggering and energy accounting in four synthetic models.
Draft explanation
Model a thruster vehicle on Lemonergy parts
Lemonergy parts, a battery with OCV, resistance and temperature, an explicit suspension, enforced or flagged limits; drive it live or run the event.
Under study
Sources and references
Find articles, bibliographic records, parts, requirements and evidence provenance.
Open battery ageing datasets: XJTU and CALCE CS2
Two public cell-ageing datasets and how Lemonergy imported them: their contents, test protocols, problems found in the files and how the import was checked.
Dataset reference
Finally, Liquid Cooling Moves to the Top of the Cell — Integrated into CCS
Publisher’s descriptive article about cooling passages within a CCS carrier.
Source description
Source description: cooling within the CCS
JONVER describes coolant passages integrated into the CCS insulating carrier near the busbars and terminal connections. The assembly accommodates sensing electronics and dedicated cell-vent openings. Warm coolant can provide preheating. This is the publisher’s description, not measured Lemonergy performance.
Source description
Cell contact system (CCS, plastic carrier)
The existing interconnect class is relevant to a cooled CCS study. Its catalog entry does not establish compatibility or performance for a cooled assembly.
Catalog reference
Bottom liquid cold plate
An existing cooling component for the comparison baseline; a combined configuration may retain bottom cooling.
Catalog reference
Characterize thermal and electrical inputs
Measure joint resistance, thermal contact resistance, carrier properties, contact areas, channel dimensions and coolant properties.
Open evidence question
Define a separate thermal network
Distinguish cell, terminal/busbar and coolant states. Account for joint heating once and track where coolant heat is removed.
Open evidence question
Check physical integration
Represent top clearance, vent paths, electrical isolation, seals, coolant routing and service access in the geometry.
Open evidence question
Collect comparable evidence
Measure joint and cell temperatures, flow, pressure drop and pump power using identical baseline and candidate duties.
Open evidence question
Numerical comparison scope and retired campaign
The earlier external-example comparison campaign is retired. Current synthetic examples have independent contracts and freshly generated native evidence.
Draft explanation
Experimental Data-Driven Parameter Identification and State of Charge Estimation for a Li-Ion Battery Equivalent Circuit Model
Pang and Zhang’s experimental study of parameter identification for a two-branch RC battery model; related reading for pulse-response modeling and the distinction between synthetic recovery and measured validation.
Source description
A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway Modeling and Diagnosis Approaches
A review connecting thermal-runaway model choices with prediction and detection methods; background for understanding what a numerical verification case can and cannot establish.
Source description
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Thermal Performance of Three Different Cold Plates Designed for the Electrical Vehicle Battery Module
An experimental and numerical LTO-module study comparing cold-plate arrangements, temperature distributions and pressure drop; related reading for planning a cooling comparison.
Source description
EVE LF280K: manufacturer data and source conditions
The undated manufacturer sheet used for the LFP storage example, including rating conditions and the distinction between published AC impedance and estimated DC resistance.
Bibliographic reference
Original two-RC pulse contract
Lemonergy-authored hypothetical inputs and analytical equations, with a native execution report. No external parameter row or measured trace is reused.
Draft explanation
Original series-RLC contract
Lemonergy-authored hypothetical inputs and analytical equations, with a native execution report. No external parameter row or measured trace is reused.
Draft explanation
Original synthetic thermal contracts
Lemonergy-authored hypothetical inputs and analytical equations, with a native execution report. No external parameter row or measured trace is reused.
Draft explanation
Retirement notices
Minimal historical notices; retired numerical payloads are not distributed.
Retired example: mw-hppc-2rc
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Draft explanation
Retired example: mw-rlc
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Draft explanation
Retired example: mw-thermal-conduction
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Draft explanation
Retired example: mw-thermal-convection
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Draft explanation
Retired example: mw-thermal-insulated
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Draft explanation
Retired example: mw-thermal-lumped
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Draft explanation
Retired example source association
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Bibliographic reference · contents not reviewed
Retired example source association
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Bibliographic reference · contents not reviewed
Retired example source association
This earlier externally seeded example has been retired. Its numerical inputs, generated traces and figures are no longer distributed. The replacement is an independently authored synthetic teaching contract, not a continuation of the earlier validation result.
Bibliographic reference · contents not reviewed